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Hypoplastic / aplastic kidney | Diaphragmatic Hernia(1 case) |
Umbilical hernia | Malrotation of Bowel (1 case) |
Cystic Kidneys | Hepatoblastoma (1 case) |
Inguinal hernias |
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VSD (Ventricular septal defect) | ASD (Atrial septal defect) |
Pulmonic stenosis | Tetralogy of Fallot |
Right sided aorta | Truncus arteriosis |
PDA (patent ductus arteriosis) | Interrupted aorta |
Coarctation of the aorta | Aortic valve anomalies |
Aberrant subclavian arteries | Vascular ring |
Anomalous carotid artery origin |
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Learning disabilities: (mathematic concept, reading comprehension) | Concrete thinking |
Difficulty with abstraction | Drop in IQ scores in school years: (test artifact) |
Borderline normal intellect | Occasional mild mental retardation |
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
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Small posterior cranial fossa | Overt Submucous Cleft Palate |
Occult Submucous Cleft Palate | Retrognathia (retruded lower jaw) |
Platybasia (cephalometric finding) | Hypotonic, flacid facies |
Asymmetric crying facies in infancy | Structurally Asymetric face |
Functionaly asymetric face | Vertical maxillary excess |
Straight facial profile | Enamel hypoplasia |
Congenitally missing teeth | Small teeth |
Downturned oral commissures | Cleft lip (uncommon) |
Microcephaly |
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Overfolded helix | Attached Lobules |
Relatively small ears | Mildly asymmetric ears |
Frequent otitis media | Mild conductive hearing loss |
Mild sensori-neural hearing loss | Protuberant cup-shaped ears |
Ear tags or pits (uncommon) | Narrow external ear canals |
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Hypocalcemia | Hypoparathyroidism |
Hypothyroidism | Mild growth deficiency |
Relative small stature | Absent, hypoplastic Thymus |
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Tortuous retinal vessels | Suborbital congestion ("allergic shiners) |
Strabismus (squint) | Narrow palpebral (eyelid) fissures |
Posterior embryotoxin | Small optic disk |
Prominent corneal nerves | Cataract |
Iris nodules | Iris Coloboma (rare) |
Retinal coloboma (rare) | Small eyes |
Mild orbital hypertolerism | Puffy eyelids |
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Hypospadius | Cryptorchidism |
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Immunologic
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Frequent upper respiratory infections | Frequent lower airway disease (pneumonia, bronchitis) |
Reduced T cell populations | Reduced thymic hormone |
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Problems in infancy
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Feeding difficulty, Failure to thrive | Gastroesophageal reflux |
Nasal regurgitation | Irritability |
Constipation (not related to Hirschsprung megacolon) | Nasal regurgitation |
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Limb
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Small hands and feet | Tapered digits |
Short nails | Rough, red scaley skin on hands and feet |
Morphea | Contractures (shortening of muscle or scar tissue)(uncommon) |
Triphalangeal Thumbs (uncommon) | Polydactyly (uncommon) |
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Miscellaneous
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Spontaneous oxygen desauration without apnea |
Thromboctopenia, Bernard-Soulier disease |
Juvenile Rheumatoid arthritus |
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Nasal
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Prominent nasal bridge | Bulbous nasal tip |
Mildly bifid nasal tip | Pinched alar base, narrow nostrils |
Narrow nasal passages |
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Neurologic and Brain (MR & CT)
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Periventricular cysts (mostly at anterior horns) | Small cerebellar vermis, small posterior fossa |
White matter UBOs (unidentified bright objects) | Cerebellar hypoplasia/dysgenesis |
Hypotonia | Cerebellar ataxia (defective muscle control) |
Seizures | Spina bifida / meningomyelocele |
Strokes | Mild developemental delay |
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Pharangeal / Laryngeal / Airway
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Upper airway obstruction in infancy | Absent or small adenoids |
Laryngeal web (anterior) | Large pharyngeal airway |
Laryngomalacia | Arytenoid hyperplasia |
Pharyngeal hypotonia | Asymetric pharyngeal movement |
Thin pharyngeal muscle | Unilateral vocal cord paresis |
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Psychiatric / Psychological
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Bipolar affective disorder | Mood disorder |
Manic depressive illness/psychosis | Hypomania |
Schizoaffective disorder | Impulsiveness |
Flat affect | Dysthymia |
Cyclothymia | Social Immaturity |
Rapid cycling of mood disorder | Depression |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | Generalized anxiety disorder |
Phobias |
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Secondary Sequences / Associations
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Robin Sequence | DiGeorge Sequence |
Potter Sequence | CHARGE Sequence |
Holoproscencephaly (1 case) |
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Skeletal
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Scoliosis, minor vertebral anomalies | Sprengel's anomaly, scapular deformation |
Osteopenia | Talipes equinovarus |
Small skeletal muscles | Joint dislocations |
Chronic leg pains | Flat foot arches |
Hyerextensible / lax joints |
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Skin / Integument
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Abundant scalp hair |
Thin appearing skin (venous patterns easily seen) |
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Speech / Language
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Sever hypernasality | Severe articulation impairment |
Language impairment (usually mild delay) | Velopharyngeal insufficiency (usually severe) |
Dyspraxia | High pitched voice |
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Vacsular Anomalies
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Aberrant internal carotid arteries | Aberrant internal vertebral arteries |
Reynaud's phenomenon | Medially displaced internal carotid arteries |
Tortuous / kinked internal carotid arteries | Low bifurcation of common carotid |
Missing or hypoplastic A1 segment in Circle of Willis | Small veins |
Tortuous / kinked vertebral arteries |
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